Preliminary Questions -
1 - Jason Ruys
2 - jruys@student.mtsac.edu
3 - 6 posts completed
Post 1 - 1/17/11 6:13 PM
Post 2 - 1/23/11 9:38 PM
Post 3 - 1/25/11 8:03 PM
Post 4 - 1/26/11 12:12 AM
Post 5 - 1/26/11 12:14 AM
Post 6 - 1/26/11 6:49 PM
Interactive Post - 1/26/11 9:17 PM
Current Event Post - 1/30/11 9:47 AM
4 -
Week 1
- When Scholars Study the Sacred
- When Gods Decay
Week 2
Enchanted Land: A Journey of the Saints in India
Chapter 1 - Intro
Chapter 2 - Hinduism
Wikipedia article on Jainism
Why I Don’t Eat Faces
Lions in the Punjab
Week 3
Chapter 3 - Buddhism
Chinese Philosophy - Confucius The Analects
Tao
Chapter 4 - Confucianism
Chapter 5 - Taoism
5 - I am up to date on all the reading assignments
6 -
Week 1
Video on Education and Internet
Meme Theory
Week 2
Film on the guru
Hinduism - Smith Interview
The Story of India
Hinduism 1 - 5
All 3 Jainism videos
Week 3
Sikhism videos
All 4 Buddhist videos
All 4 Tao/Confucius related videos
My favorite video is the first video in the Jainism folder. People who are willing to share their religion with others are typically passionate about their religion. I love this man’s passion. He shares his beliefs in a way that is easy to understand. It was a personalized message rather than a text book message.
7 -
Week 1
Introduction of Huston Smith
8 - I plan to visit the Hindu Temple of Las Vegas on Saturday, February 5 with my wife and daughter.
9 - Tao & Confucius the Analects
10 - Negative
11 -
Week 1 - 14 hours
Week 2 - 12 hours
Week 3 - 23 hours
12 - Jainism has been the religion that has stood out to me the most. Their non-violent approach to everything is what we all need. Here in the United States we have become a shallow and insecure people. We are too judgmental and violent (be it physical or emotional) towards our fellow man. I have found myself falling into this pitfall of passing judgment when I have no right or saying things that are destructive of others. If I can apply the Jainistic principles into my life I know that I could have a better impact on those around me.
MISC INFO -
Website - http://jasonmwr.blogspot.com/
**Some of the essay responses contain excerpts from my prior weekly posts. If I state “the reading” in a question, it implies the quote is from the reading that was assigned for that question.**
RELIGION MIDTERM -
Question #1
Ninian Smart defined religion as being seven dimensional. The first dimension is myth. A religion must have myths in order to be classified as one per Smart’s dimensions. These myths are not false accounts, but stories about the sacred. These myths can hold a contain symbolism and doctrine along with hagiography. That all depends on who is giving an account of the myth. To illustrate this principle the reading contains the example of the game of telephone. The game could start out with the simplest of phrases or instructions but over the transference of this message some simple truth is lost. These myths can also contain symbolism. Carl Jung and Joseph Campbell profess that myths are similar to dreams. They believe that our dreams are universal symbols of our minds while we are sleeping.
The next dimension is called rituals. Every religion has its rituals no matter how big or small. For one it could be singing hymns while for another it could be reciting a written prayer or praying at certain times each day. These rituals are used to connect the follower/believer with the sense of the sacred. They are mostly simple activities that need to be carried out in a certain way. Sometimes they are repeated often, other times not so much. No matter what the ritual is, it is something that helps the believer define their faith.
In conjunction with rituals we have experiences. Experiences can occur at the same time as the ritual that is being performed or spontaneously. Either way it is these religious experiences that bring the believer/follower closer to the sacred.
Doctrine is next as what defines the “who, what, where, when and why” to the religion. It is what provides the structure to the belief system. It is what is passed down to the followers by word of mouth or through a written method. Religions also contain a code of Ethics that is passed down to the followers/believers. Most, if not all, share the same sentiment with regards to murder, lying, cheating, stealing, etc. Basically, all religions believe that you should do unto others as you would like done unto you.
An interesting aspect to religions is the Social aspect. Religions provide a place for the believer/follower to feel as though they are a part of something special. It provides them a place where beliefs and lifestyles are similar. This sense of one-ness provides a sense of security to the individual.
The final dimension is the Material aspect. It would be difficult to spread a religious message without having a place to meet at, a book/scripture to read from or a sort of dress code to follow. These material items provide a pathway to the divine.
It is important to understand that religions survive due to memes. Susan Blackmore describes memes as ideas that are copied into another believer. In the video she describes a little about how we humans have evolved and she says, “As memes evolve, as they inevitably must, they drive a bigger brain that is better for copying memes that are doing the driving.” Religions survive due to this method. In a way it’s a battle out there. Religions are fighting for their survival. If no one accepts the beliefs of a religion and the religion is not copied into others the religion will die out.
When discussing religion, one must also address cults. Cults are defined in the reading as, “simply a new religious movement.” Cults carry a negative connotations in our society as brainwashing centers among other names. Cults, if their memes are able to be copied into more and more followers will inevitably become more and more accepted in society. A prime example of this is that of the Mormon church. They have not been readily accepted, but are becoming more and more accepted as society embraces more and more of their beliefs.
In The Cult Experience J. Gordon Melton describes how diverse these United States/Western cultures are with regards to religion. He states that there are approximately 900 different mainline denominations and 600 alternative religions. He describes how many join these new religions (cults) to re-instill religion into their lives. He also describes that many of these individuals who join these cults are not uneducated. Some are middle-aged, well-educated individuals who are just looking to become a part of something special. For many it is the social aspect of a religion that Smart defines in his 7 dimensions to a religion.
Dick Anthony in source that we can turn to to help understand cults. If we are to discern between any new religion, he suggests that we discern between what groups are problematic or not. Problematic meaning promoting attitudes towards those who are not apart of the new religion.
What would I do if I were asked to create a religion? Coming to understand the many different criteria that need to be met to even be considered a religion and be able to pass this on to others is not an easy task. The only way I believe it can be done is for me to have an outrageously spiritual experience. That experience would have to tie into the core beliefs of the Christian society here in the United States in order for me to present something new. This religion would have to be based on a belief of the family unit and it would have to be something that is easy enough that a child could understand it. I would eliminate the complexity that is found in many religions. Rituals would be simple and members would have the end goal of making sure their fellow man was taken care of before themselves.
Question #2
Secularization is called the fuel of religion in the reading due to its ability to inspire innovation in a religion. It is what helps religions stay pertinent in todays society. There are a few groups that the reading describes as being the Classical Orthodox Groups. They are Fundamentalism, Orthodox Judaism and Evangelicalism.
Fundamentalism is a conservative movement that is considered an extreme movement of Christianity. The fundamentalists want a return back to the fundamentals of religion. Those being: a return to the traditional family model, high moral standards and taking the Bible literally. These have come about as a reaction to the secularization of religion. Orthodox Judaism has had a similar response to the modernization of religions. They also promote a return to the fundamental values of their religion.
Evangelicalism is a more conservative belief for Christians. They are not as strict as the Fundamentalists, but that does not mean that they do not believe in maintaining a strict code of conduct.
These groups have been fueled by what the reading calls the Baby Boomer Effect. As the baby boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964) have grown older, for whatever reason that have turned to religion. In turning to religion, they have begun to question the establishment of religion and its principles. Unlike before, followers would follow like lemmings and not question what was being taught or research what was being taught. Now, these baby boomers have begun to question and seek for answers to the questions that they have about life. Many of these baby boomers have found answers to their questions by aligning themselves to a religion.
These baby boomers have been found to have certain characteristics. It is as though this generation of people have focused on the final stage of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, self-actualization. The baby boomers typically have more tolerance and in doing so have been called narcissistic. This argument that they should be considered narcissistic is not a fair argument since the baby boomers are more centered on being self-aware and not selfish. Their tolerance is due in part to the education level of these individuals. Baby boomers have sought education and this has allowed them to see more angles to the same teachings.
Baby boomers are able to be classified into three groups with regards to religion. Loyalist, Dropouts and Returnees. Loyalists make up a third of the population. They are those who have not wavered or turned away from the religion of their upbringing. Dropouts make up forty-two percent of this population. They remove themselves from the mainstream religions to align themselves with an alternative or secular religion. The final group of Returnees make up approximately twenty-five percent of the baby boomers. They are those who stay in their own religion, but try to make the change from within. It is comical to think that some may have denounced their religion only to return and try to change it on their own.
All these groups and individuals have challenged religion. The baby boomers have left a lasting impact on how one studies and aligns themselves to a religion. Before, it was as though people were following blindly. They accepted their religion to be the one and only truth. Baby boomers questioned establishment and in turn questioned religion. One thing the baby boomers have shown us is how durable religions are. Even after all the questioning and movements that have taken place since they were born, I would argue that the main religions have weathered the “storm” of questioning. The religions could have just molded to society or the individuals could have aligned themselves to the teachings.
While I was reading these two assignments I was fascinated by the many different ways there are to study religion. In my first post I wrote, “One could study any religion through theological, sociological, psychological, phenomenological, anthropological and many other “-ical” methods. Smart argues three methods (antipathy, sympathy and empathy) while Berger argues three similar, but altogether different methods (reduction, deduction and induction). It is not an easy task to maintain objectivity while studying any religion.”
Studying religion scientifically presents more questions to any religion, especially when it comes down to testing things that are un-falsifiable. How can you test if god exists? You cannot test the faith of a follower. Testing the psychology and the social aspects of a religion can provide some answers as to why people align themselves to any religion. There are many schools of though and practices as to how to practice and even study religion.
I am not sure I could study a religion objectively at this point in my life. I believe that I would have to devote more time to studying how religions work before questioning if they are true or not. I am set in my religion and while studying other religions I believe I might be trying to prove the other religions wrong while studying them. Maybe after some time I will be able to question and study any religion without presenting a biased point of view.
Question #3
Religion has proven to provide a social function. There are many different ways to look at this. We will look at Durkheim, Weber, Juergensmeyer and Simmel.
A 19th century scholar named Emile Durkheim believed that Freud’s teaching of totems (Early male humans, possessing the Oedipus complex wanted their fathers dead. In lieu of actually killing their father, they sacrificed an animal as a ritual and this animal became the clan totem.) was a personification of the forces of society rather than it being a substitute for the father. Using the totems, the early male humans were able to tackle the taboos that existed in their society.
In todays culture we do not have totems. In the United States we have God. We put our trust in Him and we behave a certain way if we want His approval. He puts order into our everyday lives. Socially, He has a great impact on His followers. When we disobey Him we live in the fear that we will be cast into hell. Thus, we try to live our lives in a way that is acceptable to Him.
Max Weber also has his understanding of how the social function of religion can control our lives. He contends that religion itself can be the instrument to instill social change. He gives the example of how Protestants were vital to capitalism in the world. Catholics had a different approach than that of the Protestants. He noticed that business leaders were mostly Protestant. Something in their beliefs differed enough to create a different mind set regarding work ethic and worshipping their god. This could have been their acknowledging god in all aspects of life and not only the sacred.
Mark Juergensmeyer agrees with Weber that religion can play a vital role in bringing social change. In the reading we are presented with the example of the Untouchables in India. The Ad Dharm movement in the early 1920’s proved that change can be brought socially through religious a movement. Although this movement ended up becoming more politically charged than religiously charged, this movement proved Juergensmeyer’s point that religions can bring about social change.
George Simmel argues that for society to function properly it needs religion. He contends that society would not exist without it. He speaks of religious rituals, pilgrimages and festivals that bring people together in the spirit of worship and love for their fellow man. These activities truly are for the common good. He expresses how the group think of god changes as the group changes. This change in dynamics helps keep the order in the group.
As shown through these sociologists, religion has a huge impact on society. Religions provide that outlet for individuals to feel a part of something bigger than themselves. Many religions have rituals that take place several times a week, providing an opportunity to interact with others while learning and sharing about their beliefs. I know that without the religious influences in my life I would not be where I am today. I know I could have made choices that would have greatly influenced my life today. More than anything, a religion provides a place for someone to be a part of something good. It teaches one how to be a good person in society and how to be a good neighbor to those around you. The only problem is that we learn these principles but it seems as though everyone has a problem putting these principles into practice.
Question #4
I chose to answer question #3 in lieu of question #4.
Question #5
One of the most basic yet important beliefs of Hinduism is that which people really want. We may ask ourselves what we really want in life. Most people may say wealth, pleasure or responsibility. But according Hindus, that is not what people really want. What is it that we desire most? The answer is simple: we already have it. That which people really want, they already have. Huston Smith says of Hindus, “...what we really want is to be, to know, and to be happy.”
Hindus believe that the human being has a body, naturally. They also believe that a human being encompasses personality with mind, memories, and thoughts. Others may believe that there isn’t much more to a person but the Hindus disagree. Huston Smith describes what Hindus think of one’s self as, “...a reservoir of being that never dies, is never exhausted, and is unrestricted in consciousness and bliss.” Hinduism calls this inner self the Atman. Along with the Atman is Brahman or the Godhead. The complete human being or self is not complete with these three: Body, personality, and Atman-Brahman.
There are many different personalities and goals that each person possesses. Not one person is ever in the same place emotionally and mentally as another person. For this reason, Hindus have four main paths to enlightenment. The key word in describing the various ways to arrive at these paths to enlightenment is yoga. Yoga means to unite or to discipline. It is a way of training that leads to unions. The ultimate goal to God. The first way to God is through knowledge or Inana Yoga. It is said to be the shortest way to God but the hardest. People function and react more on emotion than they do logic. Which brings us to the second way to God: bhakti yoga- the yoga of love. Bhakti yoga is the most popular of the yogas. The goal in this yoga is the adore God. Japam, or repeating God’s name in worship is the method in which bhakta uses to love God. The third way to God is through Karma Yoga, the way through work. Hinduism is passionate about work and working unselfishly. To work with an unselfish heart, always thinking about others, then the end goal will be accomplished. The fourth and last of the yogas is what they call, “the royal road to integration.” Raja yoga: the way to God through psychophysical experiments. Hindus believe that there are four layers that make up the human being: the body, the mind, the subconscious, and the fourth being the eternal part of the human being. These four things make up the human being and this fourth yoga is the final way to enlightenment.
Hinduism belies each person enters and experiences a stage of life. At every age, one is always involved in a different stage of life. The first stage of life are between the ages of eight and twelve called the student. The second stage usually begins when marriage has taken place called the householder. Time will be divided into family, vocation and community. The third stage of life is the stage of renunciation- the time of retirement. This is where one learns and understand the world to it’s fullest.
Difference in people, their phases of life and what they are currently experiencing is admired by Hindus. They have four ways or groups that people are put in to describe how they best fit into society and develop their own potentials. The first is Brahmins or seers. These are spiritual and intellectual leaders. The second group are the organizers. The third are the producers. And you always have to have the followers- this is the fourth group. Usually in one lifetime, one will fall into each group and experience what it is like to be in each one. Each group is embraced and respected.
One final idea of Hinduism is that there are “many paths to the same summit.” Hindus believe that though one may be Buddhist, Christian, Muslim, or Sikh, every individual is trying accomplish the same goal to get to the same God. There may be different names and ways to practice, worship and reach the end goal. There are multiple ways to achieve what all are working toward. This idea of accepted difference is embraced and respected by Hindus.
Question #6
Jainism started around the ninth century BC although they believe that Jainism has always existed and will always exist. It started spreading in the south of India in the third century BC. Jainism has been appressed by rulers in India but has weathered the storm and can now be found in many different countries. The first Jain temple to be built outside of India was in 1960 in Mombasa, Kenya. Jainism has spread to many countries and temples can be found in many of them. These countries include, Suriname, the United States, South Africa, Nepal and Japan.
Jainism believes that one needs to have complete and absolute control over the mind and body. The followers try to do everything to liberate themselves from the negative effects that their thoughts and actions can have on their lives. They try to prevent this through abiding by three principles. 1 - The right view (seeking to view reality correctly) 2 - The right knowledge (finding the true meaning of reality) 3 - The right conduct (applying the knowledge acquired into one’s life) Jainism also preaches that every creature is divine and every human has the potential to become divine. It is also preached that Karma is a reaction to something taking place (unlike the Hindu belief).
Jainism follows a firm code of ethics. One of them being non-violence. This belief of non-violence applies to all living things. One should minimize violence, be it intentional or unintentional, to all living things. Another belief is that of truthfulness. Speak the truth, but with tact. Be constructive and not destructive in word and thought.
One of the Jainistic philosophies is that of vegetarianism. Their belief is all encompassing. Their non-violent approach to living things includes plants. Jain followers will not consume root vegetables because if one is to harvest a root vegetable you would, in essence, be ending the life of that plant. Also, they do not partake of this food because of the impact it has on the soils.
Jainism has been and can be compared to many different religions. Buddhism is a religion that I will compare Jainism to.
Similarities -
Jainism and Buddhism can both be considered atheistic religions. They do acknowledge the divine in all living things, but not the divine in the non-living things.
They also believe in the presence of gods and higher beings who can change and evolve just as we can according to their karma.
Both religions welcome people from all walks of life into their religion. There is no distinction for the caste system or anything of the sort.
Both religions feature a monastic lifestyle for those who chose. Their monks live together in monastic communities and these individuals seek to attain knowledge and also impart their knowledge to those around them.
Both religions began in India.
Differences -
Jainism was propagated from a lineage of several thirthankaras from royal families. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama who became Buddha after he received his enlightenment.
Jainism believes the soul is eternal and that death separates the soul from the body and the soul is sent to another body. That body is determined by the individuals prior actions. Buddhists do not believe in an eternal soul.
Jainism believes in complete vegetarianism and non-violence (ahimsa). Buddhism is not as stringent. For example, a Buddhist could eat a fish that was caught by others.
Question #7
The history is Sikhism is complex yet simple. It can be understood in three different ideas: 1) Guru Nanak founding Sikhism, 2) Guru Har Gobind turning to militancy in times of unrest and 3) The tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh organizing the Khalsa. Though in the history of Sikhism there have been more than ten gurus, it is only necessary to mention the original and most important ten gurus as they will briefly be discussed.
Starting with Guru Nanak who is the founder of Sikhism. Nanak felt the need for gurus was very important. He meditated often and his message was that of love and peace. He was followed by guru Angad who didn’t change much in his rule. Guru Angad is followed by guru Amar Das who is the third guru. Amar Das organized the manji system: a Sikh administration. He established a system that allowed Sikhs to fall into debate with the hierarchies of the Hindu World. One important thing Amar Das did was collected the gurus’ words that became the govindval pothis that ended up being the Ani Granth. Then comes guru Ram Das, who had three sons but felt his youngest was the most qualified to follow in his guruship. Arjan is the fifth guru, son of guru Ram Das. During Arjan’s rule there was much persecution and upheaval. Because of this unrest, Arjan was a martyr. The day of his death marks a day of holiness to the Sikhs. The sixth guru was instrumental in the history of Sikhism, guru Har Gobind. He is the son of Arjan. He felt there was much to be changed and done because of everything that had happened with his dad. Guru Har Gobind wore two swords around his wrists symbolizing temporal and spiritual strength. When Har Gobind died, he appointed his second grandson, Har Rai as the next guru. Har Rai appointed his young son to be the next guru. Har Krishan is the son of Har Rai. A distance family member then takes the lead. The ninth guru is Tegh Bahadur who was also a martyr. He had a nine year-old son who took on the great responsibility of leading the people after his father. Bringing the tenth and final guru to Gobind Singh.
Gobind Singh is credited for organizing the Khalsa which also means the community of the pure. These Sikhs were viewed as Orthodox. This stated the many rules and regulations of expected Sikh behavior. The two reasons for the Khalsa: to establish the Sikh community in times of such upheaval, and the obtain a peace and independence in the community.
In the online video about Sikhism I learned that Sikhs are just ordinary people who live next door. There are many all around and they actually take up an important part of our lives. I learned that Sikhs believe that God is without form or gender. They believe that their Sikh god is also a god of Islams and Buddhists and Christians. He expresses the notion of tolerance and love. Sikhs take up less than 2% of India’s population. It is said that Sikhim has championed the concept of freedom and democracy.
Question #8
In every religion there are many different people. Many people come together with the same idea and beliefs. Within this group of people, however, there are those with differing opinions on how to live these ideas and beliefs. Standards vary with certain individuals. One person may see and live a belief a different way than another person. This happens in every aspect of life. It happened especially with the Buddhists. There was a group who insisted that Buddhism was a full-time job. The other group didn’t see the importance on making their religion their life. Both of these groups were called yanas, rafts or ferries for which to carry themselves across life’s river. To be more specific, the second, more relaxed in their religion group was named Mahayana meaning the big raft. Which means the first group was called Hinayana, or the little raft. This didn’t settle with with the Hinayanas so they preferred calling themselves the Way of the Elders or Theravada. This group claimed to be the original Buddhist, taught by Gautama himself. These two groups continued seeing many things from a different perspective. They believe different things. For example, Mahayanasists that Buddha taught more by example than he did by words. Theravadians believe it is all about the letter of the law. What is said is what is done. However, there are more than just two schools of Buddhism.
After Buddhism split into two schools, Theravada and Mahayana, more divisions continued happening. Theravada continued unified in their beliefs, traditions and practices whereas Mahayana divided into smaller schools. One of the main schools is called the Pure Land School. These people believe in having faith in Buddha to carry them to their Pure Land, a sort of heaven. Another school that was branched off is a school that set on learning and social harmony called Tendai. One of the main sects of Mahayana is Zen. Like many sects, this one actually claims that they can trace themselves back to Gautama himself. Zen is a different world. Huston Smith describes it as, “...charmingly mad... a world of bewildering dialogues, obscure conundrums, stunning paradoxes... all carried off in the most urbane, cheerful, and innocent style imaginable.”
Another sect that developed from the branching off of Buddhism is Vajrayana, meaning the Diamond Way. When Mahayana turned Buddha into a cosmic figure, Vajrayana turned Buddha into a diamond scepter. Their roots are mostly in Tibet. The Diamond Way is a powerful way. To them this is a symbol of strength.
Unfortunately where Buddhist were first formed and originated, they no longer exist. From the text, “Today Buddhists abound in every Asian land except India.” Hinduism is greatly practiced in India, which is why the merge of the two religions happened and Buddhism eventually died out. Though these religions have many similarities, they are very different. Among those in India, Hinduism seems to be the preferred practice of religion.
Question #9
Tao essentially means the path or the way. Everything is centered around it. The way has three meanings. It can mean the way of ultimate reality. This ultimate reality is taught to mean too much for one’s mind to conceive. Next is the way of the universe. This has reference to the spirit rather than matter. It can in no way be exhausted. This also refers to the mother of the world (Mother Earth). Lastly we have the way of human life. This simply means the way life is.
There are three approaches to power that are preached with Tao. They are Efficient Power, Augmented Power and Vicarious Power. Efficient power is also referred to as philosophical taoism. This is essentially an attitude toward life. There are teachers and there are students. It, however, is not organized as a religion. Huston Smith writes, “The object of philosophical Taoism is to align one’s daily life to the Tao, to ride its boundless tide and delight in its flow.” In this power, Wu Wei is subscribed to. That means that all friction, be it in a relationship or with one’s self, is reduced to the minimum. Wu wei is also described as supreme action and simplicity. Wu wei is also a way to teach one to be non-competitive. Tao is non-competitive by nature.
Augmented power describes says to be alive is good, to be more alive is better, hence the importance leading a healthy life. The healthy lifestyle also includes meditation and yoga. There is teaching that if you are able to have control over your mind much is possible. Smith illustrates this when he says, “Without lifting a finger , a ruler who had mastered this stillness could order an entire people with his mystical-moral power. Without being aware of what was happening, his subjects would spontaneously forego unruly ways.”
The last power is vicarious power. This is also referred to as religious taoism. Much of Taoism can be considered “crude superstition.” Taoism is thought to have powers and through the creation of a church, these powers were able to be shared with the most ordinary of people.
The principles taught in Tao is very much applicable today. Just think if everyone was thinking about wu wei in their daily lives. We would have a lot less road rage because no one would be competing for little things in life that do not matter. I have read a majority of the religious literature assignment “Tao Te Ching” and I have loved reading its simple yet profound ideals in each one of the chapters. I have shared these simple passages with family and friends and I have been active in trying to incorporate these teachings into my life. I have already seen how they can bring peace and tranquility into my life.
While reading on Confucius I was astonished to learn that he did not find a following until after his death. In life he was arguably a failure in his endeavors. One of the things that I admire about him is that he sought to learn continuously. He hated being called a “sage.” He did not believe that you could never know everything. Often times many educated individuals start to believe too much in themselves and that makes life miserable for the student. The teacher student relationship cannot flourish because the teacher is on a different level than the student and therefore communication can be lost.
Question #10 -
Hinduism - The thing I learned most from these two videos are the Hindu words. Everything that Michael Wood taught and talked about in this video he stated the Hindu word after. I thought that was very good and very teachable. It was nice to see a visual on how they worship to the way they do things.
Buddhism - These videos were very interesting to watched. It was nice to look and listen to these instead of reading. These videos put Buddhism into a different perspective for me. Especially the BBC Life of Buddha documentary. I loved how he went into depth about each guru and how they felt about their sons, grandsons, and successors. The detail he went into to talk about how they felt and what they were going through was very educational.
Chinese Religions -
The three great teachings of China are Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Confucianism teaches political and social harmony. Taoism teaches soundness in physical body and mind. Buddhism teaches psychology. All three of these religions together provide the bedrock of ancient culture.
Confucius - Everyone must assume their rightful place in society determined by their abilities.
Taoism -
Buddhism - Imported from India. Not a great influence in China back in the day. Present day Buddhist temples are all over the place. Understanding true nature of the mind.
Interview with Huston Smith -
He was born in China in 1919 to American missionaries. He was surrounded by rich culture from an early age.
The yin and yang is an interesting symbol. It shows the undefined relationship between the opposites in life. It shows how opposites are in need of each other. He shares many stories that illustrate how each side of the yin and yang encroaches on the other. He shares an article from “Dear Abby.” This woman wanted to find a mate, but she described how she attended and practiced many different religions. Abby responded in a way that Smith identifies as being “Western.” He illustrates that Japanese and Chinese religions intertwined with each other, thus illustrating how the yin and yang overlap upon each other.
Confucius - 5 basic relationships
1 - Parent and Child
2 - Spouse and Spouse
3 - Elder Brother and Younger Brother
4 - Elder Friend and Younger Friend
5 - Ruler and Subject
We are always in the middle of one of these relationships. If we keep our “wings” up we will build up ourselves and make ourselves better. If they are tilted down we will go down to the path of bitterness and despair. The symbol for love contains the symbol of the heart in the middle.
Sunday, January 30, 2011
Religious Literature - Tao
Tao 22 -
I find that there is a tone to each paragraph in this chapter. In the first I believe that the Tao is trying to teach that in order to know anything good you must also be aware of the bad. Everything has its inverse. How willing are you to get what you want out of life? The next two paragraphs characterize what type of person we need to be.
Tao 24 -
This chapter has so much depth to it. My favorite phrase is, “He who clings to his work will create nothing that endures.” There are too many examples of men who have invested everything into their jobs while neglecting their families. Their jobs forgot about them once they retired or were fired; their families had all but abandoned them after years and years of abandonment and neglect. Overall, I would argue that this chapter identifies egoistic traits and how to avoid them.
Tao 25 -
To me, this chapter explains the relationship of the Tao or the way to man, the Earth and the universe. Each one plays a vital role in the flow of everything. Each one has pertinence to the other. We need to not be so self-centered. There is more to life that just us.
Tao 32 -
This chapter illustrates how the Tao pertains to everything and if one would center themselves around the Tao, “The world would become a paradise.” My favorite phrase here is, “When you have institutions, know where their functions should end.” This made me reflect on our government and how things are getting to the point to where we are being instructed in too many things. If we have an institution, we should know where its rule ends.
Tao 37 -
This chapter illustrates how if all things were centered around the Tao, there would be peace. If we all would think about it and do it, we would be content with all that we have. We would lose the competitive drive to “keep up with the Jone’s” next-door. We would know that happiness is not found in possessions, but in many other things such as family and friends.
Tao 49 -
Why are we not good to all people? The Master is good to everyone and trusts everyone. She holds no reservation for anyone and she has no expectations. It is a shame that we live in this crazy world where we cannot trust many people for fear of losing something of our own.
Tao 53 -
This chapter describes our present world. We are not keeping up with the Tao. As I have illustrated several times before, if we center ourselves on the Tao, all will be at peace.
Tao 56 -
Sometimes we need to restrain ourselves from speaking. Sometimes we just need to let things be and let things take their course. Too often we pass judgement where we are not qualified to pass judgement. These judgements lead us to treat people in ways that we would not like to be treated. If we centered ourselves on serving others and living the Tao, we would not be so quick to judge or harbor ill feelings towards others.
Tao 77 -
The Tao corrects the wrongs that occur in life. It is the constant that provides clarity to the unclear. It shows how the Tao is something that likes to stay out of the limelight. That’s interesting to me considering there is a religion based on Tao. It does not want credit, but it wants to profess schools of thought. Interesting...
Tao 79 -
This is my favorite of the 10 chapters. You can only blame yourself for your problems. Yes, other people or things can contribute to your problems, but you are ultimately the one who decides how you react to failure. Our culture as a whole needs to stop passing the buck and playing the blame game. We need to accept when we have failed and move on. Learn from it, but move on. It does us no good to continually blame others for problems that we brought upon ourselves.
I find that there is a tone to each paragraph in this chapter. In the first I believe that the Tao is trying to teach that in order to know anything good you must also be aware of the bad. Everything has its inverse. How willing are you to get what you want out of life? The next two paragraphs characterize what type of person we need to be.
Tao 24 -
This chapter has so much depth to it. My favorite phrase is, “He who clings to his work will create nothing that endures.” There are too many examples of men who have invested everything into their jobs while neglecting their families. Their jobs forgot about them once they retired or were fired; their families had all but abandoned them after years and years of abandonment and neglect. Overall, I would argue that this chapter identifies egoistic traits and how to avoid them.
Tao 25 -
To me, this chapter explains the relationship of the Tao or the way to man, the Earth and the universe. Each one plays a vital role in the flow of everything. Each one has pertinence to the other. We need to not be so self-centered. There is more to life that just us.
Tao 32 -
This chapter illustrates how the Tao pertains to everything and if one would center themselves around the Tao, “The world would become a paradise.” My favorite phrase here is, “When you have institutions, know where their functions should end.” This made me reflect on our government and how things are getting to the point to where we are being instructed in too many things. If we have an institution, we should know where its rule ends.
Tao 37 -
This chapter illustrates how if all things were centered around the Tao, there would be peace. If we all would think about it and do it, we would be content with all that we have. We would lose the competitive drive to “keep up with the Jone’s” next-door. We would know that happiness is not found in possessions, but in many other things such as family and friends.
Tao 49 -
Why are we not good to all people? The Master is good to everyone and trusts everyone. She holds no reservation for anyone and she has no expectations. It is a shame that we live in this crazy world where we cannot trust many people for fear of losing something of our own.
Tao 53 -
This chapter describes our present world. We are not keeping up with the Tao. As I have illustrated several times before, if we center ourselves on the Tao, all will be at peace.
Tao 56 -
Sometimes we need to restrain ourselves from speaking. Sometimes we just need to let things be and let things take their course. Too often we pass judgement where we are not qualified to pass judgement. These judgements lead us to treat people in ways that we would not like to be treated. If we centered ourselves on serving others and living the Tao, we would not be so quick to judge or harbor ill feelings towards others.
Tao 77 -
The Tao corrects the wrongs that occur in life. It is the constant that provides clarity to the unclear. It shows how the Tao is something that likes to stay out of the limelight. That’s interesting to me considering there is a religion based on Tao. It does not want credit, but it wants to profess schools of thought. Interesting...
Tao 79 -
This is my favorite of the 10 chapters. You can only blame yourself for your problems. Yes, other people or things can contribute to your problems, but you are ultimately the one who decides how you react to failure. Our culture as a whole needs to stop passing the buck and playing the blame game. We need to accept when we have failed and move on. Learn from it, but move on. It does us no good to continually blame others for problems that we brought upon ourselves.
Religious Literature Post - Analects of Confucius
Jen
The Master has many wise things to say. There is something The Master has to say about everything. For example, Tzu-kung asked about one world being served for all of one’s life. The Master responded by saying, “What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.” There is nothing but positivity and love in everything The Master has to say. Jen is ended with the words, “Let every attainment in what is good be firmly grasped.”
The Superior Man
The Master talks about the superior man. This can be taken in many diferent ways and understood in many different ways. When The Master is talking about the superior man, we can liken his words to ourselves. When The Master speaks about being humble and patient, he is speaking to us. The Master said, “The superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions.”
Li
The Master speaks about ceremonies saying, “...ceremonies performed without reverence; mourning conducted wihtout sorrow-wherewith should I contemplate such ways?” It is clear that The Master is teaching how things should be done in a respectful and tactful manner.
Yueh
The Master is instructing the Grand music of Lu and he talks about how everything should sound together.
Learning and Teaching
It is said that The Master has four things from which he is entirely free: conclusions, arbitrary predeterminations, obstinance, and egotism. About this he said, “To have faults and not to reform them-this, indeed, should be pronounced having faults.”
Government
This is a very interesting section. Talking about the government Chi K’ang-tzu asked about killing uprincipled people for the sake of principled people. To that Confucius replied, addressing him as sir, “...why should you use killing at all?”
Rectifying the Names
To rectify or not to rectify? To correct or not correct? Confucius said, “To govern means to rectify. If you lead on the people with correctness, who will dare not to be correct?”
The Master has many wise things to say. There is something The Master has to say about everything. For example, Tzu-kung asked about one world being served for all of one’s life. The Master responded by saying, “What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.” There is nothing but positivity and love in everything The Master has to say. Jen is ended with the words, “Let every attainment in what is good be firmly grasped.”
The Superior Man
The Master talks about the superior man. This can be taken in many diferent ways and understood in many different ways. When The Master is talking about the superior man, we can liken his words to ourselves. When The Master speaks about being humble and patient, he is speaking to us. The Master said, “The superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions.”
Li
The Master speaks about ceremonies saying, “...ceremonies performed without reverence; mourning conducted wihtout sorrow-wherewith should I contemplate such ways?” It is clear that The Master is teaching how things should be done in a respectful and tactful manner.
Yueh
The Master is instructing the Grand music of Lu and he talks about how everything should sound together.
Learning and Teaching
It is said that The Master has four things from which he is entirely free: conclusions, arbitrary predeterminations, obstinance, and egotism. About this he said, “To have faults and not to reform them-this, indeed, should be pronounced having faults.”
Government
This is a very interesting section. Talking about the government Chi K’ang-tzu asked about killing uprincipled people for the sake of principled people. To that Confucius replied, addressing him as sir, “...why should you use killing at all?”
Rectifying the Names
To rectify or not to rectify? To correct or not correct? Confucius said, “To govern means to rectify. If you lead on the people with correctness, who will dare not to be correct?”
Interactive Post
Response to Barry Moore's Week 2 post:
Barry,
I gotta hand it to you. That is the best response to vegetarianism that I have ever read. It is blunt and beautiful. I am a carnivore by choice and I enjoy every piece of meat I can sink my teeth into. The important thing is that it is our choice to be a carnivore as it our choice if we want to be a vegetarian. Although it is difficult to understand one's beliefs it is important to respect them. In my experience, the majority of the vegetarians that I have encountered are vegetarians due to religious conviction. These individuals have shown strong devotion to their beliefs and I have utmost respect for them. Most of those who are vegetarians by choice and not by religious conviction, again in my experience, tend to fall of the train and give into the urges to eat meat again. If I were to argue the point of vegetarianism with someone, I believe that the Jainistic point of view of the sacredness of life is a much better argument than that of Lane stating we can potentially inflict pain on an animal.
Barry,
I gotta hand it to you. That is the best response to vegetarianism that I have ever read. It is blunt and beautiful. I am a carnivore by choice and I enjoy every piece of meat I can sink my teeth into. The important thing is that it is our choice to be a carnivore as it our choice if we want to be a vegetarian. Although it is difficult to understand one's beliefs it is important to respect them. In my experience, the majority of the vegetarians that I have encountered are vegetarians due to religious conviction. These individuals have shown strong devotion to their beliefs and I have utmost respect for them. Most of those who are vegetarians by choice and not by religious conviction, again in my experience, tend to fall of the train and give into the urges to eat meat again. If I were to argue the point of vegetarianism with someone, I believe that the Jainistic point of view of the sacredness of life is a much better argument than that of Lane stating we can potentially inflict pain on an animal.
Current Event #1
This post is in response to the article found on crosswalk.com
http://www.crosswalk.com/news/religiontoday/11644717/
Three years after Christian widow Gamala Guide’s husband Narayan Guide passed away, Narayan’s burial site is being threatened by the Nepal government. He was a captain in the Nepal army and a successful man who’s death was a sorrow for many. Narayan is buried next to the most powerful Hindu temple and authorities of the temple are claiming that land. The Pashupatinath temple, which has been declared a world heritage site by UNESCO, is said to be built in the fourth century, is being renovated due to the expected one million tourists in Nepal this year. Gamala is not the only person worried about her husband’s grave, there are an estimated 200 people buried along with him who risk the chance of loved one’s graves being destroyed.
The forested area around the Pashupatinath temple is explained as unkempt, rotten and over-grown. Twenty years ago, the Nepal government gave 292 hectares of land to groom the land and make it better. There is said to be a five year plan in which they will renovate the lot and the temple itself. In doing this, unfortunately, there will be many burial sites which will have to be removed.
This is devastating to many devout Christians who have loved one’s buried at this temple. Christians are not the only ones who have their beloved buried here, the Hindu sect called Dashnami along with Muslims have also rested at this site. There is uproar since the Pashupatinath is a Hindu temple and other religions have been burying their dead here, which is against Hindu religion. Along with the lot needing major cleaning, the Hindus want to keep their property to themselves. That is their main goal and that is what they will fight to have happen.
http://www.crosswalk.com/news/religiontoday/11644717/
Three years after Christian widow Gamala Guide’s husband Narayan Guide passed away, Narayan’s burial site is being threatened by the Nepal government. He was a captain in the Nepal army and a successful man who’s death was a sorrow for many. Narayan is buried next to the most powerful Hindu temple and authorities of the temple are claiming that land. The Pashupatinath temple, which has been declared a world heritage site by UNESCO, is said to be built in the fourth century, is being renovated due to the expected one million tourists in Nepal this year. Gamala is not the only person worried about her husband’s grave, there are an estimated 200 people buried along with him who risk the chance of loved one’s graves being destroyed.
The forested area around the Pashupatinath temple is explained as unkempt, rotten and over-grown. Twenty years ago, the Nepal government gave 292 hectares of land to groom the land and make it better. There is said to be a five year plan in which they will renovate the lot and the temple itself. In doing this, unfortunately, there will be many burial sites which will have to be removed.
This is devastating to many devout Christians who have loved one’s buried at this temple. Christians are not the only ones who have their beloved buried here, the Hindu sect called Dashnami along with Muslims have also rested at this site. There is uproar since the Pashupatinath is a Hindu temple and other religions have been burying their dead here, which is against Hindu religion. Along with the lot needing major cleaning, the Hindus want to keep their property to themselves. That is their main goal and that is what they will fight to have happen.
Thursday, January 27, 2011
Week 3 Post 6
“I am awake.” Was the answer from Buddha to people who came to him asking what he was. Buddhism means to awake or to know. Buddha was born in 563 in Nepal. His parents were powerfully influential and he had a luxurious childhood. Buddha was well-rounded and educated. Mature for his age, he married at age 16. Buddha had four distinct experiences that shaped his life. After doing much good and establishing what is now Buddhism, he died at age 80.
The basic Buddhist belief is centered around what they call Nirvana. It is indescribable and untouchable. Huston Smith talks about nirvana like it is describing wind. You cannot touch wind or describe its length. It has no color and no taste. You can’t smell it or talk about the way it looks. So it is with nirvana. Buddha described it as bliss.
Buddhist also believe in reincarnation. They describe this belief as a wave in the ocean. We see a wave coming and it gets closer. Soon the wave hits us and it’s gone, swept up on shore and dissolves until another once comes up to hit us. That is the process at which Buddhist view reincarnation. Smith says, “...when they die leave strands of finite desire that can only be realized in other incarnations...”
Buddhism was founded in India and believe it or not to this day Buddhism exists in every Asian land, except India. Some may say that Buddhism merged with Hinduism explaining why it died out only to leave Hinduism in India. Buddhism and Hinduism are very similar in their beliefs. Both religions believe in reincarnation. Hindus believe in moksha, described as total release. Buddhist describe their end goal as a blow out or an extinguishing which they call nirvana.
One belief that distinguishes Buddhas are their Four Noble Truths. The First Noble Truth is suffering or dukkha. The Second Noble Truth allows for the First Noble Truth to be realized, desire or tanha. The Third Noble Truth is the natural craving and the way to overcome all of these truths or learn to deal with them is through the Eightfold Path. This Eightfold Path is a set of eight steps given by a doctor almost as a prescription. The first being right knowledge and the eighth being right absorption.
Personal Reflection -
It is hard to decide which religion I philosophically relate with more. I understand their similarities and their differences. Though they are very much alike in their beliefs and understandings of God, they also are very different, especially how they were founded. I would have to say I relate more with Hinduism because of their stages of life. I feel like we are constantly learning and learning different things in each stage of life that we’re in. I like how the retired Hindus are in a very important learning phase of life that they use to be educated and learn more, even though they are older. I appreciate this belief that the Hindus have.
The basic Buddhist belief is centered around what they call Nirvana. It is indescribable and untouchable. Huston Smith talks about nirvana like it is describing wind. You cannot touch wind or describe its length. It has no color and no taste. You can’t smell it or talk about the way it looks. So it is with nirvana. Buddha described it as bliss.
Buddhist also believe in reincarnation. They describe this belief as a wave in the ocean. We see a wave coming and it gets closer. Soon the wave hits us and it’s gone, swept up on shore and dissolves until another once comes up to hit us. That is the process at which Buddhist view reincarnation. Smith says, “...when they die leave strands of finite desire that can only be realized in other incarnations...”
Buddhism was founded in India and believe it or not to this day Buddhism exists in every Asian land, except India. Some may say that Buddhism merged with Hinduism explaining why it died out only to leave Hinduism in India. Buddhism and Hinduism are very similar in their beliefs. Both religions believe in reincarnation. Hindus believe in moksha, described as total release. Buddhist describe their end goal as a blow out or an extinguishing which they call nirvana.
One belief that distinguishes Buddhas are their Four Noble Truths. The First Noble Truth is suffering or dukkha. The Second Noble Truth allows for the First Noble Truth to be realized, desire or tanha. The Third Noble Truth is the natural craving and the way to overcome all of these truths or learn to deal with them is through the Eightfold Path. This Eightfold Path is a set of eight steps given by a doctor almost as a prescription. The first being right knowledge and the eighth being right absorption.
Personal Reflection -
It is hard to decide which religion I philosophically relate with more. I understand their similarities and their differences. Though they are very much alike in their beliefs and understandings of God, they also are very different, especially how they were founded. I would have to say I relate more with Hinduism because of their stages of life. I feel like we are constantly learning and learning different things in each stage of life that we’re in. I like how the retired Hindus are in a very important learning phase of life that they use to be educated and learn more, even though they are older. I appreciate this belief that the Hindus have.
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
Week 2 Post 5
Sikhism, the forgotten religion was founded in the early 16th century. Sikhism is 500 years old and originated in Northern India, in the Punjab. This religion was founded by Guru Nanak. He is one of 10 main gurus but in Sikh history there are more than just 10 gurus. Guru Nanak was born in 1469. He died, thus ending his guruship in 1539 making him 70 years old. He was the first of 10 gurus which makes his importance obvious. His message was that of love and peace. In guru Nanak’s hymn on the importance of a guru it states, “Through faith in the guru the True Self is known.” He believed that the necessity of a guru was great.
Sikhs believe that God is without form, also called nirguna. Meditation is commonly practiced in this religion while meditating one repeats a name of God thus resulting in bhakti, or spiritual, powerful and mystical experience. These spiritual happenings draw people closer to God and a feeling of belonging. Sikhs believe in one God who is referred to as Wahiguru. They believe in reincarnation and the idea of life after life after life. A sect of Sikhism is called the Khalsa or Orthodox Sikhs who view smoking and eating meat as evil and refrain from doing such things. The males wear the 5 k’s which are: turban (kesh), bracelet (kara), comb (kanga), shorts (kaach), and sword (kirpan). The main focus of Sikhism is to obtain liberation or moksha. They see this as a source or enlightenment.
According to the film there are 20 million members of the Sikh religion. Though it is only 500 years old, it is one of the 5 biggest religions in the world. I also learned in the films that their God is without form or sex. They believe he is one supreme God. They believe it is important to do good and serve others around them. The men and women have a standard dress. The greatest guru, guru Nanak believed in equality.
Personal Reflection -
Of all the religions we have studied thus far, Sikhism has been the most fun and intriguing religion for me to learn. I have enjoyed learning about their standards, beliefs and goals. To me they seem like a loving and motivated people. Learning about their 10 gurus, especially guru Nanak was interesting to me. It’s amazing that one person can make such a great difference in history.
In response to the question of Sikhs having a political right to establish Khalistan, I believe they do have a right to have their own place to call home. I think it is fair and right and just for them to have a place to go to for worship and unity. Many religions have that in our present day and I think it’s good for them to have one if they feel it’s something that would strengthen them as a religion and people.
Sikhs believe that God is without form, also called nirguna. Meditation is commonly practiced in this religion while meditating one repeats a name of God thus resulting in bhakti, or spiritual, powerful and mystical experience. These spiritual happenings draw people closer to God and a feeling of belonging. Sikhs believe in one God who is referred to as Wahiguru. They believe in reincarnation and the idea of life after life after life. A sect of Sikhism is called the Khalsa or Orthodox Sikhs who view smoking and eating meat as evil and refrain from doing such things. The males wear the 5 k’s which are: turban (kesh), bracelet (kara), comb (kanga), shorts (kaach), and sword (kirpan). The main focus of Sikhism is to obtain liberation or moksha. They see this as a source or enlightenment.
According to the film there are 20 million members of the Sikh religion. Though it is only 500 years old, it is one of the 5 biggest religions in the world. I also learned in the films that their God is without form or sex. They believe he is one supreme God. They believe it is important to do good and serve others around them. The men and women have a standard dress. The greatest guru, guru Nanak believed in equality.
Personal Reflection -
Of all the religions we have studied thus far, Sikhism has been the most fun and intriguing religion for me to learn. I have enjoyed learning about their standards, beliefs and goals. To me they seem like a loving and motivated people. Learning about their 10 gurus, especially guru Nanak was interesting to me. It’s amazing that one person can make such a great difference in history.
In response to the question of Sikhs having a political right to establish Khalistan, I believe they do have a right to have their own place to call home. I think it is fair and right and just for them to have a place to go to for worship and unity. Many religions have that in our present day and I think it’s good for them to have one if they feel it’s something that would strengthen them as a religion and people.
Week 2 Post 4
Jain believers/followers are taught that Jainism has always been around and that it will always be around. Here is a list of some of the beliefs:
Jainism is a belief that one needs to have absolute control over the mind and body. The goal is to teach the follower to be liberated from the negative effects that their thoughts, words and actions can have on their lives. The follower can achieve this by following the triple gems of Jainism
The right view - seeking to view reality correctly
The right knowledge - finding the true meaning of reality
The right conduct - applying the knowledge acquired into one’s life
Every creature is divine and every human has the potential to become divine
Karma. Unlike the Hindu belief it is something material. It is a reaction to something that is taking place. The reading gives the example of gravity acting on a falling object.
Here are some of the ethics followed by Jainism:
Non-violence - This is a blanket statement/belief to all living things. One should minimize violence, be it intentional or unintentional, to all living things.
Truthfulness - Speak the truth, but with tact. Be constructive and not destructive in word and thought
Non-stealing - Be honest in your dealings with your fellow man. Always be fair in all things
Jain followers participate in festivals and have traditions as many religions do. Some of the festivals are:
Diwali - A celebration of the new moon day of Kartik.
Mahavir Jayant - This is a birthday celebration for Mahavir.
Some traditions/practices are:
Fasting - There are a few ways to fast. Not eating or drinking for a period, minimal eating as to avoid hunger, limiting what you eat and abstaining from your favorite foods.
Jain monks will sweep the ground in front of them as they walk in order to ensure they do not harm any smaller living creature as they walk.
Prayer - There is preparation before prayer. One bathes in order to cleanse the body. Saffron paste or sandal paste is applied to certain spots on their body to assist in meditation. There are many other things that can be done in order to prepare one’s self for prayer.
Vegetarianism -
Jainism believes in non-violence. This belief applies to all aspects of life, including food choice. They do not consume root vegetables due to their harvesting would end the life of the plant. They also do not consume root vegetables due to their interaction with the soil and the nutrients they provide to the soil. It goes without saying that they do not consume animals.
The Jainism belief differs from that presented in Why I Don’t Eat Faces. It differs due to the emotional and neurological aspects. This reading argues that we have imbedded into our brains something that triggers our not wanting/needing to kill and eat something. This is due to our having sympathy for the animal and their ability to feel and express pain.
Personal Reflection -
I respect this point of view however, I do not agree with it. I believe that animals serve a purpose for human consumption. I do not agree with abusing this privilege. Every time I see a trailer transporting pigs or cattle I always think that there could be a better way to transport them but they sure do taste good. As stated in the reading, it is purely a choice. I will continue to chose to eat meat and all its juiciness. It tastes too good to let go.
Jainism is a belief that one needs to have absolute control over the mind and body. The goal is to teach the follower to be liberated from the negative effects that their thoughts, words and actions can have on their lives. The follower can achieve this by following the triple gems of Jainism
The right view - seeking to view reality correctly
The right knowledge - finding the true meaning of reality
The right conduct - applying the knowledge acquired into one’s life
Every creature is divine and every human has the potential to become divine
Karma. Unlike the Hindu belief it is something material. It is a reaction to something that is taking place. The reading gives the example of gravity acting on a falling object.
Here are some of the ethics followed by Jainism:
Non-violence - This is a blanket statement/belief to all living things. One should minimize violence, be it intentional or unintentional, to all living things.
Truthfulness - Speak the truth, but with tact. Be constructive and not destructive in word and thought
Non-stealing - Be honest in your dealings with your fellow man. Always be fair in all things
Jain followers participate in festivals and have traditions as many religions do. Some of the festivals are:
Diwali - A celebration of the new moon day of Kartik.
Mahavir Jayant - This is a birthday celebration for Mahavir.
Some traditions/practices are:
Fasting - There are a few ways to fast. Not eating or drinking for a period, minimal eating as to avoid hunger, limiting what you eat and abstaining from your favorite foods.
Jain monks will sweep the ground in front of them as they walk in order to ensure they do not harm any smaller living creature as they walk.
Prayer - There is preparation before prayer. One bathes in order to cleanse the body. Saffron paste or sandal paste is applied to certain spots on their body to assist in meditation. There are many other things that can be done in order to prepare one’s self for prayer.
Vegetarianism -
Jainism believes in non-violence. This belief applies to all aspects of life, including food choice. They do not consume root vegetables due to their harvesting would end the life of the plant. They also do not consume root vegetables due to their interaction with the soil and the nutrients they provide to the soil. It goes without saying that they do not consume animals.
The Jainism belief differs from that presented in Why I Don’t Eat Faces. It differs due to the emotional and neurological aspects. This reading argues that we have imbedded into our brains something that triggers our not wanting/needing to kill and eat something. This is due to our having sympathy for the animal and their ability to feel and express pain.
Personal Reflection -
I respect this point of view however, I do not agree with it. I believe that animals serve a purpose for human consumption. I do not agree with abusing this privilege. Every time I see a trailer transporting pigs or cattle I always think that there could be a better way to transport them but they sure do taste good. As stated in the reading, it is purely a choice. I will continue to chose to eat meat and all its juiciness. It tastes too good to let go.
Tuesday, January 25, 2011
Week 2 Post 3
According to Huston Smith’s definition and explanation of Hinduism, people want four things: pleasure, success (including power, fame and wealth) duty and liberation or moksha. We may ask ourselves, “How do we obtain pleasure?” It may seem difficult and may be even nearly impossible for us to understand how to achieve pleasure. India says to the the person who wants pleasure, “Go after it.” Smith explains that success is an insatiable. We are never content with what we have but what we want that which we already have. Behind pleasure and success brings us to duty. This means real responsibility and the maturity to perform such duty sufficiently. Liberation is the fourth and last thing people want. Smith says, “Liberation from everything that distances us from infinite being, infinite awareness and infinite bliss.”
The greatest belief that the Hindu people have is that they can have what they really want. That which we desire more, we can have. What’s the secret to getting that which we want the most? We already have it. Though we may not even know we possess it, that which we want most may be hiding or buried by other things within us that are not allowing us to realize that we have it.
India has three stages of life. The first being that of Youth. This is their time to learn and be educated about the world around them. The second stage of life is Household where we put our time and energy into creating a family and a stable profession in which to provide and support that family. The last stage of life is Retirement. People in the West think this is perhaps the most boring time of life where we’ve learned all we need to know, making our retirement stagnant. India believes this is the time to turn our life into a devoted time of understanding of what the real purpose of life is.
Personal Reflection -
It is intriguing to read about how the Hindus view themselves. They seem to never be good enough, to not have enough self-worth and to continually strive to be better. I think people in the West could use a little bit more of this mentality. I think we should all constantly strive to be better and have more self-worth.
The greatest belief that the Hindu people have is that they can have what they really want. That which we desire more, we can have. What’s the secret to getting that which we want the most? We already have it. Though we may not even know we possess it, that which we want most may be hiding or buried by other things within us that are not allowing us to realize that we have it.
India has three stages of life. The first being that of Youth. This is their time to learn and be educated about the world around them. The second stage of life is Household where we put our time and energy into creating a family and a stable profession in which to provide and support that family. The last stage of life is Retirement. People in the West think this is perhaps the most boring time of life where we’ve learned all we need to know, making our retirement stagnant. India believes this is the time to turn our life into a devoted time of understanding of what the real purpose of life is.
Personal Reflection -
It is intriguing to read about how the Hindus view themselves. They seem to never be good enough, to not have enough self-worth and to continually strive to be better. I think people in the West could use a little bit more of this mentality. I think we should all constantly strive to be better and have more self-worth.
Sunday, January 23, 2011
Week 2 Post 2
The Sage -
Reading about him and his beliefs/teachings was interesting. It amazes me how some people have “it” when it comes to animals. Some people are able to “whisper” to animals and they listen. I believe this is attributed to his treating everything as nothing less than human. He eliminated the “I” in his life. He did not focus on how to possess more or become better than others. That desire was eliminated when he had his enlightenment. I chose this guru because his interaction with animals and his view of our equality with them is admirable. If we all showed that much respect to humans this world would be a better place.
The Yogi -
This guy was cool. The experience that is shared of the boil on his arm and his “prophecy” of sorts that it would appear; intriguing. The explanation of the body and soul and how avatars are used, again, intriguing. I am interested to know more about the anja chakra (the third eye-the inner vision). Will this class offer more insight to this? I chose this guru due to the fact that avitar is mentioned. It caught my eye due to how the word ties it to the movie. The meditation and leaving the body is also interesting.
The Mother -
Here we learned also about how one can meditate to get that physical and spiritual separation. It is interesting to know how one can meditate and go to another level of enlightenment or understanding. I chose this guru because, all the gurus or leaders of any religion are held up to a standard that may be too extreme. As pointed out in this section, these leaders have needs too. In this case, smoking was the need. She also taught the author that god can be found in any life form. Hence her stating, “You are my maharaj, my guru.”
The Wrestler -
The understanding of having a “pre-game warm-up” in order to focus on the interior and not exterior events was very insightful. By doing this it would help a meditating individual a head start towards their enlightenment while meditating. I chose this guru because of all the gurus in this reading I believe I would relate best to Pratap Singh. That is due to his not taking everything too serious. Laughter is one of life’s greatest joys.
The Master -
I cannot fathom speaking in front of thousands of people, let alone try to feed them. The teaching that we are all “in essence drops of love from the sea of God” is interesting. We are all trying to make our way back home to God. That is a profound teaching and it is interesting how, in my opinion, everyone is trying to make their way back home to God. Everyone has a different take on how to make it back to God, that’s why so many religions exist.
Videos -
It is interesting to me how Faqir Chand saw his guru and then when he returned to Bagdad there were others that saw him in their “visions.” His take that our mind creates images that seam to guide us through life is very interesting.
The video about Ramana Maharshi is also interesting. How does questioning one’s self continuously bring about an un-egotistical attitude? This is one teaching I do not comprehend. However, this self-questioning worked for Ramana and he has been able to share his understanding with many.
Personal Reflection -
I didn’t realize how intense meditation needs to be. I didn’t realize that through meditation one’s soul could go on to bigger and better things in another location. Of all the things that were taught in this reading, the last two guru’s stood out to me the most for two reasons.
1 - Live but laugh. Laughter is always the best medicine.
2 - Everyone is trying to make their way back to God.
Reading about him and his beliefs/teachings was interesting. It amazes me how some people have “it” when it comes to animals. Some people are able to “whisper” to animals and they listen. I believe this is attributed to his treating everything as nothing less than human. He eliminated the “I” in his life. He did not focus on how to possess more or become better than others. That desire was eliminated when he had his enlightenment. I chose this guru because his interaction with animals and his view of our equality with them is admirable. If we all showed that much respect to humans this world would be a better place.
The Yogi -
This guy was cool. The experience that is shared of the boil on his arm and his “prophecy” of sorts that it would appear; intriguing. The explanation of the body and soul and how avatars are used, again, intriguing. I am interested to know more about the anja chakra (the third eye-the inner vision). Will this class offer more insight to this? I chose this guru due to the fact that avitar is mentioned. It caught my eye due to how the word ties it to the movie. The meditation and leaving the body is also interesting.
The Mother -
Here we learned also about how one can meditate to get that physical and spiritual separation. It is interesting to know how one can meditate and go to another level of enlightenment or understanding. I chose this guru because, all the gurus or leaders of any religion are held up to a standard that may be too extreme. As pointed out in this section, these leaders have needs too. In this case, smoking was the need. She also taught the author that god can be found in any life form. Hence her stating, “You are my maharaj, my guru.”
The Wrestler -
The understanding of having a “pre-game warm-up” in order to focus on the interior and not exterior events was very insightful. By doing this it would help a meditating individual a head start towards their enlightenment while meditating. I chose this guru because of all the gurus in this reading I believe I would relate best to Pratap Singh. That is due to his not taking everything too serious. Laughter is one of life’s greatest joys.
The Master -
I cannot fathom speaking in front of thousands of people, let alone try to feed them. The teaching that we are all “in essence drops of love from the sea of God” is interesting. We are all trying to make our way back home to God. That is a profound teaching and it is interesting how, in my opinion, everyone is trying to make their way back home to God. Everyone has a different take on how to make it back to God, that’s why so many religions exist.
Videos -
It is interesting to me how Faqir Chand saw his guru and then when he returned to Bagdad there were others that saw him in their “visions.” His take that our mind creates images that seam to guide us through life is very interesting.
The video about Ramana Maharshi is also interesting. How does questioning one’s self continuously bring about an un-egotistical attitude? This is one teaching I do not comprehend. However, this self-questioning worked for Ramana and he has been able to share his understanding with many.
Personal Reflection -
I didn’t realize how intense meditation needs to be. I didn’t realize that through meditation one’s soul could go on to bigger and better things in another location. Of all the things that were taught in this reading, the last two guru’s stood out to me the most for two reasons.
1 - Live but laugh. Laughter is always the best medicine.
2 - Everyone is trying to make their way back to God.
Monday, January 17, 2011
Post 1 Week 1
What is religion?
Just as there are many different religions in the world there are many different interpretations as to what classifies a group as a religion. Five classical definitions of religion are:
“1 - Eliade: Religion is an experience of the ‘sacred.’
2 - Otto: Religion is an experience of the ‘Wholly Other.’
3 - Tillich: Religion is one’s ‘ultimate concern.’
4 - Smith: Religion is a ‘cumulative tradition’ - not an ‘ism.’
5 - Smart: Religion is ‘a seven dimensional organism.’
Searching online dictionaries I found that most definitions contain some, if not all, of Ninian Smart’s seven dimensions of religion. The seven dimensions are:
1 - Myths (sacred stories)
2 - Rituals (activities, typically repeated)
3 - Experiences (experiences of the sacred)
4 - Doctrines (the philosophy/belief)
5 - Ethics (moral codes)
6 - Social Aspect (the organization)
7 - Material Forms (sacred objects).
Each dimension plays an important role to any religion. Some religions have more emphasis in certain dimensions than others. That, however, does not qualify or disqualify the classification of a religion.
How should we study it?
Again, as with religions, there are many ideas as to how religion should be studied. One could study any religion through theological, sociological, psychological, phenomenological, anthropological and many other “-ical” methods. Smart argues three methods (antipathy, sympathy and empathy) while Berger argues three similar, but altogether different methods (reduction, deduction and induction). It is not an easy task to maintain objectivity while studying any religion. The reading offers “A Complete Methodology” as the best method to study religion on page 46.
1 - Phenomenology - (Objectively describing religious phenomena; induction)
2 - Sociology of Religion - (Understanding the social origins of religion; reductionism)
3 - Transpersonal Psychology - (Assessing the developmental stage of religion)
Why study it?
Throughout the reading there is an underlying theme of seeking understanding. The reading also presents many different methods to study it. One could study religion to find truth or one could study religion to find that sense of belonging that comes with being part of a “communita.” Religions offer a unique way to study history and society at the same time. Since history and society are intertwined in religion, the understanding of many religions can also assist in breaking barriers to communication that exist due to ignorance about another’s religion.
How did religion start?
Ninian Smart explains this through his seven dimensions of religion. Over time religions have evolved into what they currently are today due to the needs of society. Francis Crick believes that it is due to our biology.
Will gods decay?
For whatever reason, society will always turn to something more to find answers. Communitas evolve over time to address issues that may arise in society. These communitas, be they cults or sects, will always provide a guidance for its followers.
What role do memes play in religion?
They, arguably, are the backbone to any religions sustainability. Memes are simply replicas of something that can be passed down to believers. Without memes the passing on of religion could not happen. Memes are what allows others to “fit into” with one’s religious society.
Personal Reflection
How did religion start?
The reading has opened up a new world of understanding in my eyes. Did religion start because of one’s desire to feel apart of a communita? Or did religion start because of a “mythical” event? However they started, if a religion promotes good principles and morals, it shouldn’t matter. I will support that individual in their faith.
Just as there are many different religions in the world there are many different interpretations as to what classifies a group as a religion. Five classical definitions of religion are:
“1 - Eliade: Religion is an experience of the ‘sacred.’
2 - Otto: Religion is an experience of the ‘Wholly Other.’
3 - Tillich: Religion is one’s ‘ultimate concern.’
4 - Smith: Religion is a ‘cumulative tradition’ - not an ‘ism.’
5 - Smart: Religion is ‘a seven dimensional organism.’
Searching online dictionaries I found that most definitions contain some, if not all, of Ninian Smart’s seven dimensions of religion. The seven dimensions are:
1 - Myths (sacred stories)
2 - Rituals (activities, typically repeated)
3 - Experiences (experiences of the sacred)
4 - Doctrines (the philosophy/belief)
5 - Ethics (moral codes)
6 - Social Aspect (the organization)
7 - Material Forms (sacred objects).
Each dimension plays an important role to any religion. Some religions have more emphasis in certain dimensions than others. That, however, does not qualify or disqualify the classification of a religion.
How should we study it?
Again, as with religions, there are many ideas as to how religion should be studied. One could study any religion through theological, sociological, psychological, phenomenological, anthropological and many other “-ical” methods. Smart argues three methods (antipathy, sympathy and empathy) while Berger argues three similar, but altogether different methods (reduction, deduction and induction). It is not an easy task to maintain objectivity while studying any religion. The reading offers “A Complete Methodology” as the best method to study religion on page 46.
1 - Phenomenology - (Objectively describing religious phenomena; induction)
2 - Sociology of Religion - (Understanding the social origins of religion; reductionism)
3 - Transpersonal Psychology - (Assessing the developmental stage of religion)
Why study it?
Throughout the reading there is an underlying theme of seeking understanding. The reading also presents many different methods to study it. One could study religion to find truth or one could study religion to find that sense of belonging that comes with being part of a “communita.” Religions offer a unique way to study history and society at the same time. Since history and society are intertwined in religion, the understanding of many religions can also assist in breaking barriers to communication that exist due to ignorance about another’s religion.
How did religion start?
Ninian Smart explains this through his seven dimensions of religion. Over time religions have evolved into what they currently are today due to the needs of society. Francis Crick believes that it is due to our biology.
Will gods decay?
For whatever reason, society will always turn to something more to find answers. Communitas evolve over time to address issues that may arise in society. These communitas, be they cults or sects, will always provide a guidance for its followers.
What role do memes play in religion?
They, arguably, are the backbone to any religions sustainability. Memes are simply replicas of something that can be passed down to believers. Without memes the passing on of religion could not happen. Memes are what allows others to “fit into” with one’s religious society.
Personal Reflection
How did religion start?
The reading has opened up a new world of understanding in my eyes. Did religion start because of one’s desire to feel apart of a communita? Or did religion start because of a “mythical” event? However they started, if a religion promotes good principles and morals, it shouldn’t matter. I will support that individual in their faith.
Tuesday, January 11, 2011
Hindu Temple Houston, Texas
My wife and I visited this Hindu temple 2 years ago.
It was so interesting to walk around all areas of this
building that are so sacred to the people of this faith.
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